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41.
42.
Atsushi Okada 《Astroparticle Physics》1994,2(4):393-400
The energy spectrum of those muons in the deep ocean ( 1000 m) that have been produced in the terrestrial atmosphere and have penetrated sea-water is calculated by Monte Carlo simulation and presented in a simplified form for easy use. 相似文献
43.
Akihiko Ito 《Climatic change》2017,142(1-2):53-66
Geoengineering such as solar radiation management (SRM) can be an emergent option to avoid devastating climatic warming, but its ramifications are barely understood. The perturbation of the Earth’s energy balance, atmospheric dynamics, and hydrological cycling may exert unexpected influences on natural and human systems. In this study, I evaluate the impacts of SRM deployment on terrestrial ecosystem functions using a process-based ecosystem model (the Vegetation Integrative Simulator for Trace gases, VISIT) driven by the climate projections by multiple climate models. In the SRM-oriented climate projections, massive injection of sulphate aerosols into the stratosphere lead to increased scattering of solar radiation and delayed anthropogenic climate warming. The VISIT simulations show that canopy light absorption and gross primary production are enhanced in subtropics in spite of the slight decrease of total incident solar radiation. The retarded temperature rise during the deployment period leads to lower respiration, and consequently, an additional net terrestrial ecosystem carbon uptake by about 20%. After the SRM termination, however, along with the temperature rise, this carbon is released rapidly to the atmosphere. As a result of altered precipitation and radiation budget, simulated runoff discharge is suppressed mainly in the tropics. These SRM-induced influences on terrestrial ecosystems occurr heterogeneously over the land surface and differed among the ecosystem functions. These responses of terrestrial functions should be taken into account when discussing the costs and benefits of geoengineering. 相似文献
44.
Soshi Nishimoto Masataka Sawada Tetsuji Okada 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2016,49(8):3323-3341
45.
Chemical and X-ray analyses were performed on the fifteen manganese nodules collected from the Pacific Ocean floor. The results
were discussed compared with the previous data on the manganese nodules. Minerals were found to be todorokite, δ-MnO2 and other silicates, montmorillonite, illite, phillipsite and α-SiO2. Average composition shows that copper is concentrated on the deep sea nodules more than the shallow ones, and that the todorokite
rich nodules contain more copper and nickel than the δ-MnO2 rich ones. The analyses of fresh water iron-manganese precipitates by bacterial activity suggest that biological process
is one of the important factors on the genesis of the sedimentary iron-manganese deposits, including the manganese nodule.
The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research 相似文献
46.
Takemitsu?ArakakiEmail author Hiroyuki?Fujimura Asha?Mansour?Hamdun Kouichirou?Okada Hiroaki?Kondo Tamotsu?Oomori Akira?Tanahara Hatsuo?Taira 《Journal of Oceanography》2005,61(3):561-568
The northern part of Okinawa Island suffers from red soil pollution—runoff of red soil into coastal seawater—which damages coastal ecosystems and scenery. To elucidate the impacts of red soil pollution on the oxidizing power of seawater, hydrogen peroxide (HOOH) and iron species including Fe(II) and total iron (Fe(tot), defined as the sum of Fe(II) and Fe(III)) were measured simultaneously in seawater from Taira Bay (red-soil-polluted sea) and Sesoko Island (unpolluted sea), off the northern part of Okinawa Island, Japan. We performed simultaneous measurements of HOOH and Fe(II) because the reaction between HOOH and Fe(II) forms hydroxyl radical (•OH), the most potent environmental oxidant. Gas-phase HOOH concentrations were also measured to better understand the sources of HOOH in seawater. Both HOOH and Fe(II) in seawater showed a clear diurnal variation, i.e. higher in the daytime and lower at night, while Fe(tot) concentrations were relatively constant throughout the sampling period. Fe(II) and Fe(tot) concentrations were approximately 58% and 19% higher in red-soil-polluted seawater than in unpolluted seawater. Gas-phase HOOH and seawater HOOH concentrations were comparable at both sampling sites, ranging from 1.4 to 5.4 ppbv in air and 30 to 160 nM in seawater. Since Fe(II) concentrations were higher in red-soil-polluted seawater while concentrations of HOOH were similar, •OH would form faster in red-soil-polluted seawater than in unpolluted seawater. Since the major scavenger of •OH, Br−, is expected to have similar concentrations at both sites, red-soil-polluted seawater is expected to have higher steady-state •OH concentrations. 相似文献
47.
Akihiko Tanaka Motoaki Kishino Roland Doerffer Helmut Schiller Tomohiko Oishi Tadashi Kubota 《Journal of Oceanography》2004,60(3):519-530
An algorithm is presented to retrieve the concentrations of chlorophyll a, suspended pariclulate matter and yellow substance
from normalized water-leaving radiances of the Ocean Color and Temperature Sensor (OCTS) of the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite
(ADEOS). It is based on a neural network (NN) algorithm, which is used for the rapid inversion of a radiative transfer procedure
with the goal of retrieving not only the concentrations of chlorophyll a but also the two other components that determine the water-leaving radiance spectrum. The NN algorithm was tested using the
NASA's SeaBAM (SeaWiFS Bio-Optical Mini-Workshop) test data set and applied to ADEOS/OCTS data of the Northwest Pacific in
the region off Sanriku, Japan. The root-mean-square error between chlorophyll a concentrations derived from the SeaBAM reflectance data and the chlorophyll a measurements is 0.62. The retrieved chlorophyll a concentrations of the OCTS data were compared with the corresponding distribution obtained by the standard OCTS algorithm.
The concentrations and distribution patterns from both algorithms match for open ocean areas. Since there are no standard
OCTS products available for yellow substance and suspended matter and no in situ measurements available for validation, the result of the retrieval by the NN for these two variables could only be assessed
by a general knowledge of their concentrations and distribution patterns.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
48.
Capacities for inorganic carbon, nitrate and ammonium uptake were measured around Hachijo Island, 300 km south of Tokyo, where local upwelling occurred. The phytoplankton population inside the upwelling area had a high capacity for nitrate uptake and a low capacity for uptake of ammonium. Nutrient concentration and phytoplankton biomass were higher in the upwelling plume than outside. On a chlorophylla basis, phytoplankton populations inside the upwelling area showed a lower capacity for carbon and nitrogen uptake than those outside the upwelling. Low temperature, relatively limited availability of light caused by extensive water mixing within the upwelling plume, and the difference in species composition of phytoplankton must be considered in explaining these lower uptake capacities. 相似文献
49.
Diatoms represent the major part of the microfossils preserved in the subarctic Pacific sediments. During the warm climate
intervals the diatom accumulation rate (DAR) tended to increase, whereas it tended to decrease during the cold intervals.
Principal component (PC) analysis of the fossil diatom assemblages in Piston Core KH99-3 ES samples from the subarctic Pacific
was carried out to investigate the paleoceanographic conditions of the area. PC1 (59.9% of the total variance) was represented
by Neodenticula seminae, a characteristic species representing the high nutrient concentrations, which dominated during the interglacial periods.
The DAR and PC changes can be attributed to a global origin that is influenced by the nutrient change due to intermediate
water change and to a local one that is explained by the change of upwelling region. The analysis of PC2 (17.1% of the total
variance) indicates the change of water mass in the western subarctic Pacific. During Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 2 and 3,
the western subarctic Pacific region was significantly influenced by the sea-ice, which may have been derived from the coastal
region or a proximal marginal sea.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
50.
Akihiko Morimoto 《Journal of Oceanography》2009,65(4):477-485
The magnitude and geographical distribution of the error in the Archiving, Validation and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic
data (AVISO) altimetry data associated with tidal correction around Asian marginal seas has been revealed. The errors were
evaluated by harmonic analysis of the AVISO corrected sea surface heights data (CorSSH). Errors of more than 15 cm of tidal
correction were recognized in the western and northern parts of the Yellow Sea, Celebes Sea, Kuril Islands, and the northwestern
part of the Okhotsk Sea. It was found that the CorSSH and sea level anomaly (SLA) data downloaded from the AVISO are not available
for direct use in those marginal seas. To reduce the tidal correction error, the harmonic constants calculated from the latest
tide model and regional tide model were applied as the tidal correction of the Altimetry data. The tidal errors in the Yellow
Sea and the northwestern part of the Okhotsk Sea were reduced by approximately 20 cm and 10 cm, respectively. Root mean square
differences between the harmonic constants derived from tide models and those derived from altimetry data were calculated.
The root mean square differences were large in the Yellow and the Okhotsk Seas. Root sum squares for four principal tidal
constituents in the Yellow and East China Seas and Okhotsk Sea were 7.72 cm and 8.36 cm, respectively. 相似文献